前言:
自旋-轨道耦合对于磷光很重要,因为如果二者耦合如果严格为0,那么单重态和三重态之间的跃迁就会成为禁阻跃迁,就不会有磷光发生。
我们需要关心计算自旋轨道耦合,是在何种几何结构下(例如研究Si态到Tj的窜跃,则采用Si态结构优化之后的结构),Si态与Tj态之间自旋轨道耦合。用算符来表示即:<Si|SOC|Tj>,也就是自旋-轨道耦合算符,左边乘以Si态、右边乘以Tj态,然后在全空间积分得到的一个实数(包括实部和虚部)。而我们关心的,则是这个实数的模。而Tj实际上是三个态,因此实际上对应着三个实数。文献中一般关心的是这三个实数的均方根。
计算的是S→T跃迁还是T→S跃迁?例如需要计算S1→Tn的跃迁,分子结构应该采用S1的,计算结果中就是S1→各个Tn跃迁的数据。如果是T1→Sn跃迁,分子结构采用T1的分子结构,计算结果中,就是T1→各个Sn跃迁的数据。
步骤:
此处以CH$_4$举例(C1群分子输出结果更简单),本教程仅仅是为了演示软件功能,与体系无关,对所有体系均适用。
根据用户关心的分子状态,可能是基态的结构,参考:优化分子结构(详情请点击); 也可能是关心某个激发态的结构,参考具体的激发态结构优化教程,例如:
例如用户如果关心户关心T1到S0的跃迁的话,分子结构采用T1的最优结构,但是计算SOC的时候,Main菜单的Spin polarization设置为0(也就是单重态),计算得到的最低激发能是该结构下,S0跃迁到T1的能量,实际上也等于从T1跃迁到S0的能量。那么此时得到的,实际上是T1的最优结构下的各种SOCME。
这一步计算的物理意义:首先以Scalar相对论(无自旋轨道耦合的相对论方法)将较低的单重激发态和三重激发态计算出来,然后将自旋-轨道耦合视为微扰,得到自旋-轨道耦合矩阵元,然后也得到考虑微扰之后的各个激发态的激发能(此时,三重态可能会发生劈裂,即三个态能量不等——这就是由自旋-轨道耦合引起的)。
因此,计算参数设置如下:
注意:
保存任务并运行。
最新版的查看方式很简单:SCM > Output > Response Properties > Spin-orbit coupling就会列出square root of (the sum of squares of spin-orbit coupling matrix elements of all sublevels of the uncoupled states) in cm-1,例如:
Spin-orbit Matrix on basis of single group excited states Single group Excitation Nr. excited state energy/au energy/eV energy/cm-1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G0: Ground State 0.000000 0.0000 0.00 NPRINT 12 12 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- S1: Singlet 1A 0.392655 10.6847 86177.73 S2: Singlet 2A 0.392676 10.6852 86182.32 S3: Singlet 3A 0.392688 10.6856 86185.08 S4: Singlet 4A 0.490297 13.3417 107607.82 S5: Singlet 5A 0.490307 13.3419 107609.97 S6: Singlet 6A 0.490317 13.3422 107612.25 S7: Singlet 7A 0.498676 13.5697 109446.80 S8: Singlet 8A 0.498681 13.5698 109447.76 S9: Singlet 9A 0.521083 14.1794 114364.55 S10: Singlet 10A 0.521098 14.1798 114367.73 S11: Singlet 11A 0.521112 14.1802 114370.88 S12: Singlet 12A 0.553109 15.0509 121393.47 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- T1: Triplet 1A 0.374458 10.1895 82183.93 T2: Triplet 2A 0.374479 10.1901 82188.57 T3: Triplet 3A 0.374488 10.1903 82190.61 T4: Triplet 4A 0.445943 12.1347 97873.16 T5: Triplet 5A 0.464821 12.6484 102016.51 T6: Triplet 6A 0.464831 12.6487 102018.69 T7: Triplet 7A 0.464835 12.6488 102019.60 T8: Triplet 8A 0.478206 13.0126 104954.04 T9: Triplet 9A 0.478216 13.0129 104956.17 T10: Triplet 10A 0.482819 13.1382 105966.58 T11: Triplet 11A 0.482827 13.1384 105968.21 T12: Triplet 12A 0.482836 13.1386 105970.20 Spin-orbit couplings calculated as root mean squares: square root of (the sum of squares of spin-orbit coupling matrix elements of all sublevels of the uncoupled states) in cm-1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- <S|Hso|T> --------- G0: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.10 17.01 17.01 17.01 S1: 1.26 11.48 11.53 0.00 0.31 0.15 0.29 0.64 0.95 0.13 0.06 0.10 S2: 11.47 2.52 11.33 0.00 0.32 0.29 0.15 0.67 0.93 0.12 0.11 0.06 S3: 11.54 11.32 2.27 0.00 0.09 0.31 0.31 1.06 0.44 0.01 0.12 0.13 S4: 0.18 0.15 0.05 3.41 0.77 2.61 2.13 1.34 2.57 1.95 8.75 8.82 S5: 0.10 0.15 0.17 3.41 2.08 1.21 2.48 2.29 1.67 8.81 2.30 8.70 S6: 0.12 0.12 0.17 3.41 2.68 1.86 1.15 2.26 1.69 8.79 8.75 2.22 S7: 1.15 0.75 1.05 0.01 12.94 10.69 14.59 0.02 0.01 2.17 2.20 2.07 S8: 0.82 1.20 0.95 0.01 12.74 14.69 10.81 0.02 0.02 2.10 2.12 2.25 S9: 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.96 9.15 9.14 16.24 8.18 0.55 2.18 2.75 S10: 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.01 9.16 6.01 6.91 12.32 13.38 2.47 2.10 1.56 S11: 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.01 9.12 6.95 6.05 8.97 15.81 2.54 1.92 1.69 S12: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.04 6.67 6.67 6.67 <T|Hso|T> --------- T1: 0.00 16.24 16.24 0.00 1.41 0.82 1.29 0.24 0.40 1.01 0.45 0.81 T2: 16.24 0.00 16.24 0.00 1.47 1.29 0.72 0.27 0.39 0.90 0.91 0.47 T3: 16.24 16.24 0.00 0.00 0.43 1.41 1.47 0.45 0.15 0.21 0.91 1.00 T4: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.13 21.37 21.37 21.36 T5: 1.41 1.47 0.43 0.03 0.00 3.29 3.32 5.78 3.47 3.96 10.28 14.05 T6: 0.82 1.29 1.41 0.00 3.29 0.00 3.29 4.94 4.47 12.90 7.58 9.80 T7: 1.29 0.72 1.47 0.02 3.32 3.29 0.00 3.09 5.97 11.70 12.49 5.12 T8: 0.24 0.27 0.45 0.08 5.78 4.94 3.09 0.00 0.10 5.86 12.32 11.78 T9: 0.40 0.39 0.15 0.13 3.47 4.47 5.97 0.10 0.00 13.51 8.04 8.79 T10: 1.01 0.90 0.21 21.37 3.96 12.90 11.70 5.86 13.51 0.00 3.87 3.88 T11: 0.45 0.91 0.91 21.37 10.28 7.58 12.49 12.32 8.04 3.87 0.00 3.97 T12: 0.81 0.47 1.00 21.36 14.05 9.80 5.12 11.78 8.79 3.88 3.97 0.00
<S|Hso|T>实际上给出的是单重态与三重态的三个分态之间的自旋轨道耦合常数的实部的平方与虚部的平方之和,总共6项加和,之后开方,再将单位从Hatree转换为cm-1(这也是一般文献中所使用的数据),例如<S1|Hso|T3>=11.53 cm-1。其中G0表示Ground State,也就是所谓的S0态。
因此文献中,计算系间窜跃速率的公式中,使用的|Vsoc|2=1/3*|<S|Hso|T>|2
SCM - Output - Response Properties - All Spin-Orbital Coupling Excitation Energies,显示所有激发态:
All Spin-Orbital Coupling Excitation Energies no. E/a.u. E/eV f tau/s Symmetry ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1: 0.00000 0.00000 0.2035E-17 A 2: 0.37441 10.18829 0.4972E-15 A 3: 0.37441 10.18834 0.2819E-07 0.7875E-02 A 4: 0.37442 10.18844 0.5690E-07 0.3902E-02 A 5: 0.37443 10.18878 0.5669E-08 0.3916E-01 A 6: 0.37443 10.18879 0.1751E-14 A 7: 0.37452 10.19124 0.2847E-05 0.7795E-04 A 8: 0.37453 10.19140 0.2823E-05 0.7861E-04 A 9: 0.37454 10.19163 0.2884E-05 0.7694E-04 A 10: 0.37458 10.19285 0.9220E-18 A 11: 0.39266 10.68469 0.1716 0.1177E-08 A 12: 0.39268 10.68526 0.1716 0.1177E-08 A 13: 0.39269 10.68560 0.1716 0.1176E-08 A 14: 0.44594 12.13472 0.9431E-13 A 15: 0.44594 12.13472 0.7174E-13 A 16: 0.44594 12.13472 0.3771E-13 A 17: 0.46481 12.64804 0.3021E-13 A 18: 0.46481 12.64825 0.4586E-06 0.3141E-03 A 19: 0.46482 12.64827 0.4418E-06 0.3260E-03 A 20: 0.46482 12.64846 0.4786E-06 0.3010E-03 A 21: 0.46484 12.64885 0.5697E-09 0.2529 A 22: 0.46484 12.64888 0.2288E-07 0.6296E-02 A 23: 0.46484 12.64897 0.3980E-07 0.3619E-02 A 24: 0.46484 12.64905 0.4141E-08 0.3479E-01 A 25: 0.46484 12.64905 0.4986E-09 0.2889 A 26: 0.47820 13.01262 0.1605E-05 0.8482E-04 A 27: 0.47821 13.01263 0.6872E-06 0.1981E-03 A 28: 0.47821 13.01263 0.2476E-06 0.5497E-03 A 29: 0.47821 13.01289 0.1388E-05 0.9808E-04 A 30: 0.47821 13.01289 0.9487E-06 0.1435E-03 A 31: 0.47822 13.01290 0.3116E-07 0.4368E-02 A 32: 0.48281 13.13793 0.3171E-07 0.4211E-02 A 33: 0.48281 13.13795 0.6941E-07 0.1924E-02 A 34: 0.48281 13.13802 0.6288E-07 0.2123E-02 A 35: 0.48282 13.13815 0.1457E-07 0.9165E-02 A 36: 0.48282 13.13818 0.8743E-07 0.1527E-02 A 37: 0.48284 13.13864 0.1650E-08 0.8089E-01 A 38: 0.48284 13.13882 0.4831E-08 0.2764E-01 A 39: 0.48285 13.13888 0.5285E-09 0.2526 A 40: 0.48285 13.13912 0.2878E-08 0.4639E-01 A 41: 0.49030 13.34168 0.2926E-06 0.4424E-03 A 42: 0.49031 13.34195 0.1911E-06 0.6776E-03 A 43: 0.49032 13.34223 0.7875E-07 0.1644E-02 A 44: 0.49868 13.56968 0.4577E-07 0.2734E-02 A 45: 0.49868 13.56980 0.8273E-07 0.1513E-02 A 46: 0.52108 14.17940 0.4397 0.2607E-09 A 47: 0.52110 14.17980 0.4397 0.2607E-09 A 48: 0.52111 14.18019 0.4397 0.2607E-09 A 49: 0.55311 15.05087 0.1120E-06 0.9084E-03 A 50: 0.63995 17.41400 0.3717E-13 A 51: 0.63995 17.41400 0.6362E-13 A 52: 0.63995 17.41400 0.5923E-13 A 53: 0.65370 17.78815 0.1067E-13 A 54: 0.65371 17.78834 0.1979E-07 0.3681E-02 A 55: 0.65371 17.78847 0.1618E-07 0.4502E-02 A 56: 0.65372 17.78876 0.1598E-07 0.4557E-02 A 57: 0.65374 17.78916 0.1064E-11 A 58: 0.65374 17.78917 0.7718E-09 0.9435E-01 A 59: 0.65376 17.78980 0.4384E-08 0.1661E-01 A 60: 0.65376 17.78984 0.2733E-08 0.2665E-01 A 61: 0.65377 17.78988 0.1311E-10 A 62: 0.66243 18.02562 0.6213E-13 A 63: 0.66243 18.02562 0.3880E-13 A 64: 0.66243 18.02562 0.3959E-13 A 65: 0.66846 18.18961 0.2590E-07 0.2689E-02 A 66: 0.66846 18.18961 0.1557E-07 0.4472E-02 A 67: 0.66846 18.18963 0.1174E-07 0.5932E-02 A 68: 0.66848 18.19035 0.3477E-07 0.2003E-02 A 69: 0.66848 18.19035 0.1314E-07 0.5302E-02 A 70: 0.66848 18.19038 0.6291E-08 0.1107E-01 A 71: 0.67020 18.23720 0.2575E-09 0.2691 A 72: 0.67021 18.23722 0.1844E-08 0.3758E-01 A 73: 0.67021 18.23722 0.2931E-08 0.2364E-01 A 74: 0.67843 18.46093 0.7028E-08 0.9621E-02 A 75: 0.68453 18.62707 0.1076E-06 0.6171E-03 A 76: 0.68455 18.62742 0.8832E-08 0.7520E-02 A 77: 0.68457 18.62814 0.2852E-07 0.2328E-02 A 78: 0.68610 18.66964 0.2913E-08 0.2270E-01 A 79: 0.68612 18.67024 0.1391E-07 0.4752E-02 A 80: 0.71484 19.45186 0.3187E-02 0.1911E-07 A 81: 0.71486 19.45223 0.3194E-02 0.1907E-07 A tau: electric dipole radiative lifetime (in seconds)